Current information of H9N2 virus zoonotic infection and its emerging pandemic potential: A review

H9N2: Zoonotic infection and its emerging pandemic potential

Authors

  • Mohit Kamthania Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Renu Kumari Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Sirajuddin Ali Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Ajaj Hussain Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
  • Abhimanyu Kumar Jha Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Keywords:

H9N2, infection, influenza, pandemic, reassortment, zoonotic

Abstract

H9N2 avian influenza viruses cause worldwide infections in animals including humans and show a threat as a pandemic infection. Since 1998 more than 59 cases including one death due to H9N2 infection had been reported worldwide and the majority of confirmed cases were young children. Due to the large host variety, tolerance to both poultry and mammals and widespread gene reassortment, H9N2 viruses played a crucial role in worldwide infection. In this review, we discuss the current worldwide infection of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, and its pandemic potential.

References

Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 1992;56:152-79.

Gu M, Xu L, Wang X, Liu X. Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China. Vet Res 2017;48:49.

Ciminski K, Thamamongood T, Zimmer G, Schwemmle M. Novel insights into bat influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 2017;98:2393-400.

Kash JC, Taubenberger JK. The role of viral, host, and secondary bacterial factors in influenza pathogenesis. Am J Pathol 2015;185:1528-36.

James J, Sealy JE, Iqbal M. A global perspective on h9n2 avian influenza virus. Viruses 2019;11:620.

Wu Y, Wu Y, Tefsen B, Shi Y, Gao GF. Bat-derived influenza-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11. Trends Microbiol 2014;22:183-91.

Homme PJ, Easterday BC. Avian influenza virus infections. I. Characteristics of influenza A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1966 virus. Avian Dis 1970;1:66-74.

Killingley B, Nguyen-Van-Tam J. Routes of influenza transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013;7 Suppl 2:42-51.

Jakhesara SJ, Bhatt VD, Patel NV, Prajapati KS, Joshi CG. Isolation and characterization of H9N2 influenza virus isolates from poultry respiratory disease outbreak. Springerplus 2014;3:196.

Karimi-Madab M, Ansari-Lari M, Asasi K, Nili H. Risk factors for detection of bronchial casts, most frequently seen in endemic H9N2 avian influenza infection, in poultry flocks in Iran. Prev Vet Med 2010;95:275-80.

Taha M, Ibrahim A, Osmsn N, Gaber A, Nasef S, Ahmed MS. Experimental co-infection of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2) and Escherichia coli in SPF broiler chickens. SVU Int J Vet Sci 2019;2:91-100.

Pan Y, Cui S, Sun Y, Zhang X, Ma C, Shi W, et al. Human infection with H9N2 avian influenza in Northern China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018;24:321-3.

Butt KM, Smith GJ, Chen H, Zhang LJ, Leung YH, Xu KM, et al. Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5760-7.

Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Smith GJ, Fourment M, Walker D, et al. Antigenic and molecular characterization of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1393-402.

Ali M, Yaqub T, Mukhtar N, Imran M, Ghafoor A, Shahid MF, et al. Avian influenza A (H9N2) virus in poultry worker, Pakistan, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:136-9.

Potdar V, Hinge D, Satav A, Simões EA, Yadav PD, Chadha MS. Laboratory-confirmed avian influenza A (H9N2) virus infection, India, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:2328-30.

Al-Garib S, Agha A, Al-Mesilaty L. Low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2: World-wide distribution. Worlds Poult Sci J 2016;72:125-36.

Vegad JL. Drift variants of low pathogenic avian influenza virus: Observations from India. Worlds Poult Sci J 2014;70:767-74.

Li X, Sun J, Lv X, Wang Y, Li Y, Li M, et al. Novel reassortant avian influenza A (H9N2) virus isolate in migratory waterfowl in Hubei province, China. Front Microbiol 2020;11:220.

Guan Y, Shortridge KF, Krauss S, Webster RG. Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: Were they the donors of the “internal” genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:9363-7.

Lam TT, Wang J, Shen Y, Zhou B, Duan L, Cheung CL, et al. The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. Nature 2013;502:241-4.

Chen H, Yuan H, Gao R, Zhang J, Wang D, Xiong Y, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: A descriptive study. Lancet 2014;383:714-21.

Shen YY, Ke CW, Li Q, Yuan RY, Xiang D, Jia WX, et al. Novel reassortant avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses in humans, Guangdong, China, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1507-9.

Almayahi ZK, Al Kindi H, Davies CT, Al-Rawahi B, Al-Jardani A, Al-Yaqoubi F, et al. First report of human infection with avian influenza A (H9N2) virus in Oman: The need for a One Health approach. Int J Infect Dis 2020;91:169-73.

Tombari W, Nsiri J, Larbi I, Guerin JL, Ghram A. Genetic evolution of low pathogenecity H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Tunisia: Acquisition of new mutations. Virol J 2011;8:467.

Hmila I, Wongphatcharachai M, Laamiri N, Aouini R, Marnissi B, Arbi M, et al. A novel method for detection of H9N2 influenza viruses by an aptamer-real time-PCR. J Virol Methods 2017;243:83-91.

Xu KM, Smith GJ, Bahl J, Duan L, Tai H, Vijaykrishna D, et al. The genesis and evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in poultry from Southern China, 2000 to 2005. J Virol 2007;81:10389-401.

Sun Y, Liu J. H9N2 influenza virus in China: A cause of concern. Protein Cell 2015;6:18-25.

Wan XF, Dong L, Lan Y, Long LP, Xu C, Zou S, et al. Indications that live poultry markets are a major source of human H5N1 influenza virus infection in China. J Virol 2011;85:13432-8.

Fournié G, Guitian J, Desvaux S, Cuong VC, Pfeiffer DU, Mangtani P, et al. Interventions for avian influenza A (H5N1) risk management in live bird market networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2013;110:9177-82.

Pan Q, Liu A, Zhang F, Ling Y, Ou C, Hou N, et al. Co-infection of broilers with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and H9N2 avian influenza virus. BMC Vet Res 2012;8:104.

Hassan KE, Ali A, Shany SA, El-Kady MF. Experimental co-infection of infectious bronchitis and low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses in commercial broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2017;115:356-62.

Ismail ZM, El-Deeb AH, El-Safty MM, Hussein HA. Enhanced pathogenicity of low-pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza virus after vaccination with infectious bronchitis live attenuated vaccine. Vet World 2018;11:977-85.

Mahana O, Arafa AS, Erfan A, Hussein HA, Shalaby MA. Pathological changes, shedding pattern and cytokines responses in chicks infected with avian influenza-H9N2 and/or infectious bronchitis viruses. Virusdisease 2019;30:279-87.

Pawar SD, Tandale BV, Raut CG, Parkhi SS, Barde TD, Gurav YK, et al. Avian influenza H9N2 seroprevalence among poultry workers in Pune, India, 2010. PLoS One 2012;7:e36374.

Negovetich NJ, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Walker D, Alam SM, Hasan K, et al. Live bird markets of Bangladesh: H9N2 viruses and the near absence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. PLoS One 2011;6:e19311.

Turner JC, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Walker D, Seiler P, et al. Insight into live bird markets of Bangladesh: An overview of the dynamics of transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017;6:e12.

Khan SU, Anderson BD, Heil GL, Liang S, Gray GC. A Systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of influenza A (H9N2) infection among humans. J Infect Dis 2015;212:562-9.

Ming F, Cheng Y, Ren C, Suolang S, Zhou H. Development of a DAS-ELISA for detection of H9N2 avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2019;263:38-43.

Naeem K, Siddique N. Use of strategic vaccination for the control of avian influenza in Pakistan. Dev Biol (Basel) 2006;124:145-50.

Marchenko VY, Goncharova NI, Evseenko VA, Susloparov IM, Gavrilova EV, Maksyutov RA, et al. Overview of the epidemiological situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Russia in 2018. Problems Particularly Dangerous Infect 2019;1:42-9.

Awuni JA, Bianco A, Dogbey OJ, Fusaro A, Yingar DT, Salviato A, et al. Avian influenza H9N2 subtype in Ghana: Virus characterization and evidence of co-infection. Avian Pathol 2019;48:470-6.

Wei Y, Qi L, Gao H, Sun H, Pu J, Sun Y, et al. Generation and protective efficacy of a cold-adapted attenuated avian H9N2 influenza vaccine. Sci Rep 2016;6:30382.

Offeddu V, Cowling BJ, Malik Peiris JS. Interventions in live poultry markets for the control of avian influenza: A systematic review. One Health 2016;2:55-64.

Downloads

Published

2020-05-29

How to Cite

1.
Kamthania M, Kumari R, Ali S, Hussain A, Jha AK. Current information of H9N2 virus zoonotic infection and its emerging pandemic potential: A review: H9N2: Zoonotic infection and its emerging pandemic potential. Community Acquir Infect. 2020;5. Accessed May 3, 2025. https://www.hksmp.com/journals/cai/article/view/187

Issue

Section

Review Articles

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.